Amid Drought, California Desalination Project at Crossroads

HUNTINGTON BEACH, Calif. (AP) -- For more than two decades, California's Orange County has debated whether to build a seaside plant to convert the Pacific Ocean's salt water into drinking water in hopes of buffering against droughts like the one now gripping the nation's most populous state.

Now, the $1.4 billion proposal by Poseidon Water faces a critical review Thursday by the California Coastal Commission, which is tasked with protecting California's scenic shores.

Poseidon and its supporters, including Gov. Gavin Newsom, contend the Huntington Beach plant will produce 50 million gallons of water a day that are crucial to help weather cutbacks on state and federal water supplies following years of drought. Newsom, a Democrat, recently told the Bay Area News Group editorial board that a denial would be a "big setback" and "we need more tools in the damn tool kit" to address drought.

But environmental groups and the Coastal Commission's staff, which reviewed the plan, oppose it. They argue it will damage marine life by killing tiny organisms that form the base of the ocean's food web. They also say it's vulnerable to flooding and other hazards. And some in the water industry say the cost of desalinated water is too high and isn't needed in an area with access to cheaper sources.

"The ocean is not our reservoir. We don't own its contents," said Susan Jordan, executive director of the California Coastal Protection Network and member of the Stop Poseidon coalition. "It belongs to the planet, but they're using it as their personal piggybank and it is not a piggybank. It needs to be protected."

California has spent most of the last 15 years in drought conditions. Its normal wet season that runs from late fall to the end of winter was especially dry this year and as a result 95% of the state is classified as in severe drought.

Newsom last summer urged residents to cut consumption by 15%, but since then water usage has dropped by only about 3%. Some areas have begun instituting generally mild restrictions, in most cases limiting how many days lawns can be watered. More stringent restrictions are likely later in the year.

Much of California's water comes from melting snow and with a far below normal snowpack, state officials have told water agencies they will receive only 5% of what they've requested from state water supplies beyond what's needed for critical activities like drinking and bathing.

The idea of desalination has been debated for decades in Huntington Beach, a coastal community southeast of Los Angeles known as "Surf City USA" that relies on its sands and waves for tourism. These days, discussion of the project has also centered around the impact of climate change on regional water supplies and on sea level rise in the low-lying coastal area where the plant would be built.

Desalination takes ocean water and removes salt and other elements to make it drinkable. Those elements are discharged back into the sea, while the water can be channeled directly to consumers or used to replenish a groundwater basin. The country's largest seawater desalination plant is already operating in nearby San Diego County, and there are also coastal plants in Florida.

More than two decades ago, Poseidon proposed building two desalination plants -- the one in San Diego County, and one in Huntington Beach. The San Diego County plant was approved and built, and desalinated water now accounts for 10% of San Diego County Water District 's water supplies.

But the Huntington Beach project has faced numerous delays. In 2013, the Coastal Commission voiced concerns that the proposed use of intake structures to quickly draw in large volumes of water from the ocean would damage marine life. Poseidon, which is owned by Brookfield Infrastructure Partners, conducted additional studies and resubmitted the plan with a proposal to mitigate marine damage through restoration of nearby wetlands.

Thursday's commission hearing is seen by the project's supporters and opponents as do or die. Last month, staff members for the panel issued a 200-page report opposing the project, arguing it fails to adhere to marine life protection policies and policies aimed at minimizing hazards from tsunamis and rising sea levels.

Orange County has an ample groundwater basin and recycles wastewater, making the region less dependent on imported water than San Diego. The Orange County Water District, which has said it intends to buy Poseidon's water, manages the basin that helps meet about 75% of the water demand in the heavily populated northern and central areas of the county that are home to 2.5 million people.

Poseidon contends the county would still benefit by locking in a drought-proof source but critics argue the area can do without it and would be better served economically and environmentally by focusing more on recycling, noting an expansion of the county's renowned wastewater recycling program is already under way.

"It's diversifying our supply as an insurance policy," said Jessica Jones, Poseidon's communications director. She said the benefits would stretch beyond coastal California to inland communities and other states that could gain increased access to imported water supplies once Orange County can count on desalinated water.

Steve Sheldon, the water district's president, said he was confident other water agencies also would be interested in the water once it was a sure thing. Desalinated water is more expensive now, but Sheldon said he expects the cost of imported water to also rise over time.

"Water reserves are dwindling low," Sheldon said. "This plant can be built within four years and I know of no other project that can come online in at least a decade."

But Paul Cook, general manager of the Irvine Ranch Water District -- one of Orange County's water retailers -- said he doesn't see a need for the water in a county that has ample and diverse water sources of its own. He said he doesn't want to buy pricey and unnecessary desalinated water for his customers, driving up household water bills.

"It might work in Abu Dhabi or Israel, but we're not them," he said of desalination. "We have our own needs; we have our own resources."